Smart Choices for Cat Lovers: A Data-Driven Guide to Affordable, Healthy Canned Cat Food

Table of Contents

Introduction: Beyond the Label—Defining “Best” and “Cheap” in Feline Nutrition

The search for the “best cheap canned cat food” presents a significant challenge for the conscientious pet owner.

This endeavor requires navigating a marketplace where the goals of optimal nutrition and affordability often appear to be in direct conflict.

The central premise of this report is to deconstruct these terms, arguing that true value is measured not by the cost per can, but by the cost per unit of species-appropriate nutrition.

By equipping the consumer with a robust analytical framework, it becomes possible to identify affordable options that support, rather than compromise, a cat’s long-term health and well-being.

Consumers are frequently caught between the marketing promises of large, commercial pet food manufacturers—who advertise pets with “glossy coats” and “increased energy and vitality” ¹—and the often-higher price points of smaller, “boutique” brands.

This report provides the necessary tools to cut through marketing claims and evaluate any food based on its scientific and nutritional merit.²

The objective is not merely to recommend specific products, but to empower the owner with the knowledge to make independent, informed decisions.

This analysis will proceed in a structured manner.

First, it will establish a foundational nutritional framework based on the unique biological needs of the domestic cat.

Second, it will provide a detailed, step-by-step tutorial on the essential analytical tools required to interpret pet food labels accurately, most notably the conversion to a Dry Matter Basis (DMB).

Third, it will conduct a comprehensive examination of common ingredients, presenting a balanced view on controversial components.

Following this educational groundwork, the report will perform in-depth, data-driven reviews of several representative cat food brands.

Finally, it will culminate in a comparative analysis and a set of tiered recommendations, designed to guide the consumer toward the most nutritionally sound and economically viable choices.

Section 1: The Feline Nutritional Blueprint: A Framework for Evaluation

To accurately assess any cat food, one must first understand the fundamental dietary requirements of the animal it is designed to nourish.

The domestic cat’s nutritional needs are a direct reflection of its evolutionary history as a strict predator.

This biological blueprint dictates a diet high in animal-based protein, moderate in fat, and exceptionally low in carbohydrates.

1.1 The Obligate Carnivore Imperative: Why Cats Are Not Small Dogs

The term “obligate carnivore” is a scientific classification that defines an animal that must consume nutrients found only in animal tissue to survive and thrive.

Unlike omnivores or herbivores, cats have a metabolic machinery uniquely adapted to a diet of prey.¹

Their bodies are not designed to efficiently digest and utilize significant amounts of plant-based materials, particularly carbohydrates.¹

An ideal feline diet should contain no more than 10% of its calories from carbohydrates.¹

Forcing a cat’s metabolism to process a diet high in carbohydrates—a common feature in many low-cost dry foods—can lead to a range of chronic health problems.

These conditions include obesity, feline diabetes, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), urinary crystals, and chronic renal failure.¹

This direct link between diet composition and health underscores the critical importance of selecting a food that aligns with a cat’s carnivorous nature.

A primary advantage of canned food is its high moisture content, which typically ranges from 75% to 78%.⁶

This is profoundly important because domestic cats have a naturally low thirst drive and are evolutionarily adapted to obtain the majority of their hydration from the moisture in their prey.¹

Providing a moisture-rich diet through canned food is a key strategy for supporting urinary tract health and preventing issues like urinary crystals and bladder inflammation.¹

1.2 Decoding Nutritional Value: From Nutrient Density to Dry Matter Basis (DMB)

Evaluating the true nutritional worth of a cat food requires moving beyond simple price comparisons and delving into the composition of the food itself.

Two key concepts are essential for this analysis: nutrient density and Dry Matter Basis.

Defining Nutrient Density (H=N/C)

Nutrient density is a measure of the nutrients provided per calorie of food, or the ratio of nutrients to calories.⁹

This concept can be expressed with the formula

H=N/C, where your health (H) is predicted by your nutrient intake (N) divided by your calorie intake (C).¹²

When applied to feline nutrition, the most valuable “nutrients” (

N) are high-quality, animal-derived proteins and essential fatty acids.

Conversely, ingredients that contribute mainly calories (C) without significant nutritional benefit, such as carbohydrate fillers, lower the food’s overall nutrient density.¹¹

A nutrient-dense cat food, therefore, is one that maximizes species-appropriate nutrients for every calorie consumed.

The “As-Fed” Illusion

The “Guaranteed Analysis” printed on every pet food label provides minimum percentages for protein and fat, and maximum percentages for fiber and moisture.

Crucially, these values are reported on an “As-Fed” basis, meaning they represent the nutrient content of the food as it comes out of the can, including all of its water.⁶

This makes direct comparison between products with different moisture levels—especially between canned and dry food—not only difficult but actively misleading.¹⁵

For example, a bag of dry cat food might list 37% crude protein, while a can of wet food lists 12% crude protein.

A superficial reading would suggest the dry food is far superior in protein content.

However, the dry food may contain only 12% moisture, while the canned food contains 78% moisture.

Once this vast difference in water content is accounted for, the canned food is revealed to be significantly more concentrated in protein.⁶

To make a meaningful, “apples-to-apples” comparison, one must convert the “As-Fed” values to a Dry Matter Basis (DMB).

Mastering the Dry Matter Basis (DMB) Calculation

The DMB calculation is the single most powerful tool a consumer has for evaluating pet food.

It mathematically removes the diluting effect of water, revealing the true concentration of nutrients in the food.

The process involves three steps.

Step 1: Determine the Dry Matter Percentage.
This is the portion of the food that is not water. The formula is straightforward:

100%−%Moisture (from label)=%Dry Matter

For a typical canned food with 78% moisture, the dry matter is 100%−78%=22%.6
Step 2: Calculate the DMB of a Specific Nutrient.
To find the concentration of any nutrient within that dry matter, use the following formula:

(%Dry Matter%Nutrient (As-Fed))×100=%Nutrient (DMB)

Using the example of the canned food with 12% protein (As-Fed) and 22% dry matter:

(22% Dry Matter12% Protein)×100=54.5% Protein (DMB)

This reveals the food is actually very high in protein once the water is conceptually removed.6
Step 3: Estimate the Carbohydrate Content (The Hidden Value).
Pet food manufacturers are not required to list carbohydrate content in the Guaranteed Analysis. However, it can be estimated by subtracting all the other listed components from 100%. If the “Ash” (mineral content) percentage is not listed, a reasonable estimate for canned food is 3%.18
%Carbs (As-Fed)=100%−(%Protein+%Fat+%Moisture+%Fiber+%Ash)

Once the “As-Fed” carbohydrate percentage is estimated, it can be converted to DMB using the formula from Step 2. This is a critical calculation, as it uncovers the quantity of the least desirable macronutrient for a carnivore.18

The DMB calculation acts as the great equalizer in pet food analysis.

The primary physical difference between wet and dry food is moisture content, a variable that makes their “As-Fed” labels incomparable.⁶

By mathematically standardizing all foods to a zero-moisture state, DMB allows for a direct and accurate comparison of their true nutrient profiles.

This technique empowers the consumer to bypass marketing and packaging to assess the genuine nutritional substance of any product, be it canned versus dry, or two different canned formulas with varying moisture levels.¹⁴

It is the key to unlocking the data hidden within the Guaranteed Analysis.

Section 2: An Expert’s Guide to the Ingredient Panel

After assessing the macronutrient profile using DMB, the next critical step is to scrutinize the ingredient list.

By law, ingredients are listed in descending order by weight, so the first few ingredients make up the bulk of the food.¹

Understanding what to look for—and what to avoid—is crucial for identifying high-quality formulas.

2.1 Hallmarks of High-Quality Formulas: The “Green Flags”

Certain ingredients are strong indicators of a nutritionally sound cat food.

Their presence, especially high up on the list, is a positive sign.

Named Animal Proteins First: The most desirable ingredient lists begin with named sources of muscle meat, such as “chicken,” “turkey,” “beef,” or “salmon”.¹ This signifies that the primary protein source is high-quality animal tissue.
The Value of Organ Meats: The inclusion of organ meats like “chicken liver” or “turkey liver” is also a positive indicator. Organs are exceptionally nutrient-dense, providing a natural source of essential vitamins and minerals that are highly bioavailable to a carnivore.³
Beneficial Fats and Oils: Healthy fats are a vital component of a feline diet. Look for named animal fats (e.g., “chicken fat”) or, ideally, fish oils such as “salmon oil” or “menhaden fish oil”.³ These ingredients are rich sources of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential for reducing inflammation and promoting healthy skin and a shiny coat.²¹

2.2 The Great Debate: Fillers, By-Products, and Gums

Some of the most common ingredients in affordable pet foods are also the most controversial.

A thorough analysis requires understanding the arguments both for and against their use.

Carbohydrate “Fillers” (Corn, Wheat, Soy):

The Argument Against: A prevalent view among pet nutrition advocates is that ingredients like corn, wheat, and soy are low-cost fillers used to bulk up food and increase profit margins at the expense of nutritional quality.¹ Corn is often singled out as a particularly poor choice.¹ These ingredients are not part of a cat’s natural diet and are common culprits in food allergies and digestive upset.³ Chronic consumption of these carbohydrates is linked to numerous health issues.¹
The Counterargument: From a regulatory and food science perspective, the term “filler” is not officially defined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), as all ingredients must serve a nutritional or technical purpose.²⁷ Proponents argue that when properly processed (e.g., as corn gluten meal or wheat gluten), these ingredients can be highly digestible (98-99%) sources of protein and essential amino acids.²⁷ Furthermore, some plant-based ingredients provide necessary dietary fiber, which is beneficial for gastrointestinal health in small amounts (typically under 5%).²⁹
Meat By-Products:

The Argument Against: “Meat by-products” often carry a strong negative connotation. They are defined as the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered mammals. Critics argue this can include less desirable parts like beaks, feet, and intestines, and that the sourcing can be opaque.¹ A major concern is the use of unnamed by-products (e.g., “meat by-products” instead of “chicken by-products”), which could potentially come from so-called “4D” animals (dead, dying, diseased, or disabled).³
The Counterargument: The official AAFCO definition describes by-products as “secondary products produced in addition to the principal product”.²⁸ This can include highly nutritious organ meats (lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver), which are a natural part of a predator’s diet. The issue is not the ingredient category itself, but the quality and consistency of the source material, which is difficult for a consumer to verify, especially in lower-cost foods.
Gums and Thickeners (Carrageenan, Guar Gum):
These ingredients are used to create the pâté texture and stabilize the food. While guar gum is generally considered safe, carrageenan is more controversial. The fact that some premium brands make a point of advertising their formulas as “carrageenan-free” suggests it is an ingredient that many discerning consumers choose to avoid.7

The evaluation of these ingredients reveals a central paradox in the search for affordable cat food.

To keep prices low, manufacturers often rely on lower-cost inputs like plant-based proteins and unnamed by-products.¹

However, these are the very ingredients most frequently implicated as potential triggers for chronic health conditions such as allergies, skin problems, and digestive disorders.¹

The veterinary costs associated with managing these long-term issues can be substantial.

This reframes the concept of “cheap” from a simple measure of upfront price to a more sophisticated calculation of “total cost of ownership.” A food with a slightly higher initial cost that promotes long-term health may ultimately prove to be the more economical choice over the lifetime of the P.T.

2.3 Red Flags: Unmasking Problematic Additives

Beyond the main ingredients, certain additives should be viewed as significant red flags, as they offer no nutritional benefit and may pose health risks.

Artificial Preservatives: Synthetic preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ethoxyquin are used to extend shelf life. However, studies have linked these chemicals to the development of tumors and organ damage in laboratory animals, making their presence in pet food a serious concern.¹
Artificial Colors and Flavors: These additives serve no purpose for the cat. Felines are attracted to food by its aroma, not its color, so artificial dyes are added solely to appeal to the human purchaser.²⁴ These chemicals provide no nutritional value and have been implicated as potential carcinogens.¹

Section 3: In-Depth Product Analysis: The Intersection of Quality and Cost

This section applies the analytical framework established in the preceding sections to evaluate three representative canned cat foods.

Each product will be assessed based on its ingredient quality, its calculated Dry Matter Basis (DMB) nutrient profile, and its cost-effectiveness.

Cost will be considered both per ounce and, for a more accurate comparison, per 100 kilocalories (kcal), which accounts for differences in calorie density.⁷

3.1 Top Tier Value: Dave’s Pet Food Naturally Healthy Grain-Free Turkey Formula

Profile: Dave’s Pet Food is a family-run business with a stated mission of providing high-quality, balanced meals at an affordable price.³¹ The “Naturally Healthy” line is explicitly marketed as being free of grain, wheat, soy, and cereal fillers, positioning it as a premium-style food at a value price point.³¹
Ingredient Analysis: The ingredient list begins with Turkey, Chicken Broth, Chicken Liver, and Chicken.³³ This is a strong start, aligning perfectly with the “green flags” of named muscle meat and nutrient-dense organ meat as primary components. The formula includes small amounts of vegetables like sweet potatoes and carrots but is entirely grain-free, making it suitable for cats with sensitivities.³⁴
Data Table 3.1: As-Fed vs. DMB Nutrient Profile of Dave’s Turkey Formula
The following table demonstrates the conversion of the “As-Fed” guaranteed analysis to a Dry Matter Basis, revealing the food’s true nutritional composition.

Nutrient	As-Fed (%)	Dry Matter Basis (DMB) (%)
Crude Protein (min)	10.0	45.5
Crude Fat (min)	5.0	22.7
Crude Fiber (max)	1.0	4.5
Moisture (max)	78.0	N/A
Ash (max)	2.4	10.9
Estimated Carbohydrates	3.6	16.4
Data sourced from.³² DMB calculations based on 22% dry matter (	100%−78% moisture). Carbohydrate estimate based on 100−(10+5+1+78+2.4)=3.6% As-Fed.

Cost Analysis: This food is priced very competitively, at approximately $0.27 per ounce when purchased in larger 12.5-ounce cans.⁷ The typical daily feeding cost is estimated at $1.85. A key value driver is its relatively high calorie density of 33 kcal/oz.⁷ This means an owner may need to feed a smaller volume of this food compared to less calorically dense options, potentially lowering the actual daily cost.
Veterinary Assessment: The DMB analysis reveals an excellent protein level of 45.5% derived from high-quality, named animal sources. The estimated carbohydrate content of 16.4% on a DMB is reasonably low for an affordable food, though not as low as some ultra-premium brands. The combination of a strong ingredient panel, a solid nutritional profile, and a low price point makes this product a leading contender for the best overall nutrient-to-cost ratio.

3.2 Premium Budget Option: Nulo Freestyle Turkey & Chicken Recipe

Profile: Nulo is a brand that centers its nutritional philosophy on high animal-based protein, low carbohydrate content, and the inclusion of patented probiotics to support digestive health.³⁶ It positions itself as a scientifically formulated, premium option.
Ingredient Analysis: The species-appropriate focus is evident in the ingredient list. The first five ingredients are all animal-based: Turkey, Chicken, Turkey Liver, Tuna, and Turkey Broth.⁷ The formula is fortified with Menhaden fish oil, an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, and is free of artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives.⁷
Data Table 3.2: As-Fed vs. DMB Nutrient Profile of Nulo Freestyle Turkey & Chicken
This table provides a DMB analysis of the Nulo formula, allowing for a direct comparison with the other products.

Nutrient	As-Fed (%)	Dry Matter Basis (DMB) (%)
Crude Protein (min)	11.0	50.0
Crude Fat (min)	9.0	40.9
Crude Fiber (max)	1.5	6.8
Moisture (max)	78.0	N/A
Ash (estimated)	3.0	13.6
Estimated Carbohydrates	-2.5	~0
Data sourced from.⁷ Ash is not listed and is estimated at 3% per.¹⁸ DMB calculations based on 22% dry matter (	100%−78% moisture). A negative As-Fed carbohydrate estimate indicates negligible carbohydrate content.

Cost Analysis: This product occupies a higher price tier, costing approximately $0.41 per ounce, with an estimated daily feeding cost of $1.94.⁷
Veterinary Assessment: The nutritional profile of this food is exceptional. At 50% DMB protein and virtually zero estimated carbohydrates, it is an outstandingly species-appropriate formula. The high concentration of animal protein and fat, combined with the absence of fillers and artificial additives, makes it a top-tier choice from a health perspective. The higher price reflects this superior formulation, presenting a clear trade-off for the consumer between budget and nutritional optimization.

3.3 The Ubiquitous Supermarket Choice: Fancy Feast Classic Tender Beef & Chicken Feast Pâté

Profile: As one of the most widely available and affordable cat foods, Fancy Feast often serves as a baseline for many pet owners.³⁸ The brand’s marketing focuses heavily on palatability, texture, and offering a wide variety of flavors.⁴⁰
Ingredient Analysis: The ingredient list for this specific pâté includes Meat By-Products, Beef Broth, Beef, Chicken, Artificial and Natural Flavors, and Guar Gum.⁴¹ This list is a mixed bag, containing desirable named meats (“Beef,” “Chicken”) alongside more controversial ingredients like unnamed “Meat By-Products” and “Artificial and Natural Flavors,” which are considered red flags.
Data Table 3.3: As-Fed vs. DMB Nutrient Profile of Fancy Feast Classic Pâté
This DMB analysis is crucial for determining if this low-cost option can meet the basic nutritional requirements of a carnivore, despite its ingredient list.

Nutrient	As-Fed (%)	Dry Matter Basis (DMB) (%)
Crude Protein (min)	10.5	47.7
Crude Fat (min)	6.0	27.3
Crude Fiber (max)	1.5	6.8
Moisture (max)	78.0	N/A
Ash (max)	3.0	13.6
Estimated Carbohydrates	1.5	6.8
Data sourced from.⁴¹ DMB calculations based on 22% dry matter (	100%−78% moisture). Carbohydrate estimate based on 100−(10.5+6+1.5+78+3)=1.5% As-Fed.

Cost Analysis: This product is highly affordable, priced at approximately $0.30 per ounce.⁴¹ The daily feeding cost is estimated to be around $1.95.⁷
Veterinary Assessment: The DMB analysis reveals a surprisingly robust macronutrient profile. The protein content is high at 47.7% DMB, and the estimated carbohydrate level is very low at just 6.8% DMB. From a purely macronutrient standpoint, this food is far more species-appropriate than the vast majority of dry foods and many other inexpensive canned foods that rely heavily on grain or vegetable fillers.¹ The primary reservation stems not from the macronutrient ratios, but from the quality and sourcing of the ingredients, specifically the unnamed by-products and artificial additives.

Section 4: Comparative Analysis and Tiered Recommendations

Synthesizing the data from the individual product analyses allows for a direct, multi-faceted comparison.

This section presents a master table to facilitate this comparison, followed by a set of tiered recommendations to guide the consumer’s final decision based on their specific priorities regarding ingredient quality, nutritional profile, and budget.

4.1 The Master Comparison Table

The following table consolidates the most critical metrics for evaluating the three analyzed products.

It is designed to be the ultimate decision-making tool, allowing for a quick yet comprehensive assessment of each food’s strengths and weaknesses.

A crucial metric included here is “Cost per 100 kcal.” Comparing foods based on cost per ounce can be misleading if their calorie densities differ.⁷

A food that is cheaper per ounce but lower in calories may require feeding larger portions, potentially making it more expensive on a daily basis.

Cost per 100 kcal standardizes this variable, providing a more accurate measure of true cost-effectiveness.

Feature	Dave’s Pet Food Turkey Formula	Nulo Freestyle Turkey & Chicken	Fancy Feast Classic Beef & Chicken Pâté
DMB Protein (%)	45.5%	50.0%	47.7%
DMB Carbohydrate (%)	16.4%	~0%	6.8%
Primary Protein Sources	Named Meat & Organs	Named Meat & Organs	Named Meat & By-Products
Contains Grains/Fillers?	No	No	No
Contains By-Products?	No	No	Yes (unnamed)
Contains Artificial Additives?	No	No	Yes
Cost per Ounce ($)	~$0.27	~$0.41	~$0.30
Calories per Ounce (kcal/oz)	33	35	33.7
Cost per 100 kcal ($)	~$0.82	~$1.17	~$0.89
Data sourced from Sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. Calorie data from ⁷ and.⁴¹ Cost per 100 kcal calculated as (Cost per Ounce / Calories per Ounce) * 100.

4.2 Tiered Recommendations

Based on the comprehensive data analysis, the following tiered recommendations are provided to assist owners in selecting a food that best fits their philosophy and budget.

Tier 1: Best Overall Value (Dave’s Pet Food Naturally Healthy Turkey Formula)
This product emerges as the top recommendation for the owner seeking the optimal balance between high-quality ingredients, a strong nutritional profile, and excellent cost-effectiveness. It features named animal proteins and organ meats without the use of by-products or artificial additives. Its DMB protein is a robust 45.5%, and its calculated cost per 100 kcal is the lowest of the group. It represents a minimal compromise on quality for a significant value proposition, making it the ideal choice for the informed, budget-conscious consumer.
Tier 2: The Species-Appropriate Splurge (Nulo Freestyle Turkey & Chicken Recipe)
For owners whose budget can accommodate a higher price point, Nulo Freestyle offers a nutritionally superior formula. With 50% DMB protein and essentially zero carbohydrates, its macronutrient profile is nearly perfect for an obligate carnivore. The ingredient list is impeccable, featuring a variety of named animal sources and beneficial fish oil. This food represents the peak of what is possible in a commercially available, species-appropriate diet within this comparison. The higher cost per ounce and per calorie is a direct reflection of its premium formulation.
Tier 3: The Best “Good Enough” Supermarket Option (Fancy Feast Classic Pâté)
This recommendation is for owners on a very strict budget or those with limited access to specialty pet food retailers. While the use of unnamed by-products and artificial flavors is a significant drawback from an ingredient quality standpoint, the food’s macronutrient profile is surprisingly strong. With a high DMB protein content of 47.7% and a very low carbohydrate level of 6.8%, it is a far better choice for a cat’s metabolic health than almost any dry food or other cheap canned foods loaded with corn, wheat, or soy.1 It should be considered a “lesser of evils” choice—a nutritionally acceptable option when higher-quality foods are not feasible.

Section 5: Global Availability and Concluding Thoughts

While this report provides a framework for evaluating cat food anywhere, the specific availability of the analyzed brands varies significantly by region.

This final section outlines the purchasing options for consumers outside of North America and offers concluding counsel.

5.1 International Purchasing Guide

The top-recommended affordable brands, Dave’s Pet Food and Nulo, are primarily North American and have limited distribution internationally.

Consumers in other regions will likely need to use the analytical tools from this report to evaluate their locally available options.

United Kingdom (UK): Based on the available information, Nulo products may be purchased in the UK through third-party online import retailers like Ubuy, though direct shipping from the manufacturer is not confirmed.⁴² There is no clear distribution channel for Dave’s Pet Food in the UK.⁴³
Australia: Nulo products are accessible in Australia via online platforms such as Ubuy.⁴⁴ Dave’s Pet Food sources some ingredients (lamb) from Australia but does not appear to be readily available for purchase there, as it is primarily a US-based brand with US-focused retail.⁴⁵
New Zealand: Similar to Australia, Nulo can be purchased through Ubuy New Zealand.⁴⁸ Dave’s Pet Food also sources some ingredients from New Zealand, but its products are not confirmed to be sold there.⁴⁵ Consumers in New Zealand might consider local premium brands like Feline Natural, which is mentioned as being available.⁵⁰

The evidence suggests that international consumers will likely face higher costs due to import fees and should prioritize using the DMB and ingredient analysis skills from this report to find the best value among brands manufactured or distributed locally.

5.2 Final Veterinary Counsel: The Cat is the Final Arbiter

Data-driven analysis is an indispensable tool for creating a shortlist of nutritionally sound and affordable cat foods.

However, it is critical to remember that the “best” food is, ultimately, the one that an individual cat will not only eat but also thrive on.²

After selecting a food based on the principles in this report, an owner must become a careful observer.

The truest indicators of a successful diet are found in the cat itself: bright eyes, a healthy and shiny coat, consistent energy levels, and well-formed, minimally odorous stools are all signs of good health.²

Conversely, issues like lethargy, digestive upset, or skin problems may indicate that a particular formula is not a good match for that individual cat, regardless of how good it looks on paper.

While partnership with a trusted veterinarian is always encouraged, this report is designed to empower the owner to be an active and knowledgeable participant in that conversation.

An owner equipped with an understanding of DMB calculations and ingredient quality can critically evaluate any recommendation—including those from a veterinary clinic—and make a final decision that is truly informed, not made out of blind trust.³⁸

The goal is to combine scientific analysis with careful observation to provide a diet that supports a long, healthy, and vibrant life.