The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Best Grain-Inclusive Dog Food, Backed by a Veterinary Nutritionist

Section 1: Introduction: Finding Clarity in a Crowded Aisle

The modern dog owner is faced with a paradox of choice.

The pet food aisle, whether physical or virtual, presents a seemingly endless array of options, each accompanied by compelling marketing claims and powerful imagery.

This abundance, however, has not necessarily led to empowerment.

On the contrary, recent surveys reveal that more than 62% of new puppy owners feel overwhelmed by the sheer number of food choices, and nearly half (42%) do not feel knowledgeable about canine nutrition.¹

This environment of confusion is fertile ground for anxiety, as owners strive to make the best possible decision for a cherished family member.

Studies show that pet owners rank “health and nutrition” as the most important factor when buying pet food, with a significant 43.6% prioritizing their pet’s healthy food even above their own.⁴

Yet, this deep-seated desire to provide optimal care is often undermined by a marketplace where trends can overshadow science, making it difficult to distinguish between nutritional fact and marketing fiction.

This guide is designed to cut through that noise.

Its purpose is not to declare a single product as “the best,” because the concept of a universal “best” dog food is a fallacy.

The optimal diet is one that is nutritionally complete and balanced, produced by a reputable and knowledgeable manufacturer, and, most importantly, appropriate for the individual dog’s specific life stage, breed size, health status, and lifestyle.⁵

Instead, this report will provide a robust, evidence-based framework to empower dog owners to make an informed, confident decision.

The conversation around canine nutrition has been reshaped in recent years, largely catalyzed by the rise of the grain-free diet trend and the subsequent investigation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) into a potential link between certain diets and a serious heart condition known as non-hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).⁸

This complex issue, which will be explored in detail, has prompted a significant shift in the veterinary community, leading to a renewed emphasis on the value and safety of well-formulated, grain-inclusive diets from established manufacturers.

To provide a clear path forward, this report is structured to build knowledge systematically.

It begins by deconstructing the science behind the DCM controversy and the nutritional role of grains, separating evidence from myth.

It then provides a practical, expert-backed toolkit—the same criteria used by veterinary nutritionists—to critically evaluate any dog food brand and its products.

Finally, this framework will be applied in an in-depth analysis of leading, veterinarian-recommended grain-inclusive brands, synthesizing scientific data with real-world owner experiences to offer tiered recommendations that prioritize safety, quality, and nutritional science above all else.

Section 2: The Science of Grains: Deconstructing Myths and Understanding Nutritional Facts

To make an informed decision about grain-inclusive dog food, it is essential to first understand the scientific context that has brought these diets back to the forefront of veterinary recommendations.

This involves a clear-eyed look at the DCM investigation and a fact-based assessment of the nutritional role grains play in a complete and balanced canine diet.

Subsection 2.1: The DCM Dilemma: Separating Fact from Fear

In July 2018, the FDA announced it was investigating reports of canine DCM in dog breeds not typically predisposed to the disease.⁸

The agency noted that many of the reported cases were associated with dogs eating diets labeled “grain-free” that contained a high proportion of peas, lentils, other legume seeds (collectively known as pulses), and/or potatoes as main ingredients.¹¹

This announcement triggered widespread concern among pet owners and a dramatic shift in the pet food market.

However, after years of investigation and data collection, the FDA has not established a direct causal link between grain-free diets and DCM.⁸

The issue proved to be a complex scientific matter, likely involving multiple factors including genetics and underlying medical conditions in addition to diet.¹⁰

As of December 2022, the FDA ceased providing routine public updates, stating it would only do so if meaningful new scientific information emerged.¹¹

Despite the lack of a definitive cause, the data collected during the investigation revealed a crucial correlation.

The common thread among the vast majority of reported diets was not simply the absence of grains, but the presence of specific ingredients at high levels.

An analysis of the diets reported to the FDA found that over 93% contained peas and/or lentils.¹¹

A subsequent study identified peas, and to a lesser extent lentils, as the primary distinguishing ingredients in diets associated with DCM cases.¹²

This distinction is critical: the concern shifted from a broad “grain-free” category to a more specific focus on formulations that rely heavily on pulse ingredients as their primary carbohydrate and protein sources.

The emergence of this issue can be understood as an unintended consequence of a marketing trend colliding with the slower pace of nutritional science.

Driven by marketing that positioned grains as unhealthy “fillers” or common allergens, consumer demand for “grain-free” products surged.⁹

To meet this demand and maintain the necessary structure and nutrient profile of kibble, manufacturers replaced traditional and well-researched grains like corn and rice with novel ingredients like peas, lentils, and potatoes.¹²

This rapid, market-wide dietary shift introduced a new variable—high inclusion levels of pulse ingredients—that had not been subjected to the same decades of long-term feeding studies and nutritional research as traditional grain-inclusive formulations.

The subsequent rise in atypical DCM cases suggests a potential adverse interaction between these novel formulations and canine physiology, highlighting the inherent risks of formulating diets based on consumer trends rather than a foundation of established nutritional science.

Current research continues to explore several hypotheses for this diet association:

• Taurine Bioavailability: While most implicated diets contained adequate levels of taurine and its precursors, methionine and cystine, some research suggests that ingredients like peas or high levels of certain fibers may interfere with the absorption or metabolism of these crucial nutrients, potentially leading to a deficiency over time.⁸
• Anti-Nutritional Factors: Pulses contain compounds that can interfere with nutrient digestion and absorption. While generally safe, the effects of consuming these compounds at very high concentrations over a dog’s lifetime are not yet fully understood.¹²
• Ingredient Formulation: One study identified four key factors that were statistically significant in differentiating DCM-associated diets from others: the presence of peas, the absence of chicken or turkey, and the absence of rice.⁸ This suggests a complex interplay of ingredients may be at work.

While the exact mechanism remains elusive, the evidence strongly indicates that a prudent approach for most dog owners is to choose a diet that does not rely on high concentrations of peas, lentils, or other pulses as primary ingredients.

This makes well-formulated, grain-inclusive diets from reputable manufacturers a scientifically sound and safer choice for the majority of dogs.⁸

Subsection 2.2: Grains as Nutrients, Not Fillers

One of the most pervasive myths that fueled the grain-free trend is the idea that grains like corn, wheat, and rice are non-nutritious “fillers” added to dog food to cut costs.¹³

From a nutritional science perspective, this is inaccurate.

A “filler” is an ingredient that adds bulk to a diet but provides little to no nutritional value.

Grains, when properly processed, are a valuable source of essential nutrients for dogs.¹⁸

Dogs are omnivores, not obligate carnivores like cats.

Their evolutionary history alongside humans has equipped them with the genetic and metabolic machinery to efficiently digest and utilize nutrients from both plant and animal sources.²¹

Grains provide a host of benefits in a complete and balanced diet:

• Energy: The carbohydrates in grains are an excellent and readily available source of glucose, which provides energy for bodily functions.⁶
• Fiber: Grains are a source of dietary fiber, which is crucial for maintaining gastrointestinal health, promoting regular bowel movements, and supporting a healthy gut microbiome.¹⁸
• Essential Nutrients: Grains are not empty calories. They contribute protein, essential fatty acids like linoleic acid (vital for healthy skin and coat), B vitamins, and important minerals such as magnesium and zinc.¹⁵ For example, corn is one of the richest dietary sources of linoleic acid.¹⁵
• High Digestibility: The manufacturing process for commercial kibble involves grinding and cooking under high heat and pressure (extrusion). This process breaks down the complex starches in grains, making them highly digestible for dogs.¹⁸ Studies have shown that some processed plant proteins, such as wheat gluten, can be even more digestible for dogs than certain animal-based protein meals.¹⁸

In recent years, “ancient grains” such as quinoa, millet, amaranth, and sorghum have also become popular ingredients.

Research indicates that these grains can be included in canine diets at high levels (up to 40%) without negatively affecting overall nutrient digestibility.

Furthermore, they may offer benefits by beneficially shifting gut microbial populations toward bacteria that produce health-promoting compounds like butyrate.²⁰

Subsection 2.3: Allergies in Perspective: The Real Culprits

The fear of food allergies is another primary driver behind the grain-free movement, with many owners believing grains are a common trigger for itching, skin issues, and digestive upset.⁹

However, this belief is not supported by veterinary evidence.

True, immune-mediated food allergies are relatively uncommon in the canine population.²¹

When they do occur, the most frequently identified allergens are animal proteins.

Multiple studies and veterinary consensus have identified beef, dairy products, chicken, and fish as the most common dietary triggers for allergic reactions in dogs.¹⁵

While adverse reactions to specific grains like wheat can happen, they are significantly less frequent than reactions to animal proteins.¹⁵

Therefore, proactively switching a dog to a grain-free diet is not a reliable or effective strategy for managing or preventing food allergies.¹⁵

The marketing of grain-free diets as hypoallergenic is a prime example of fear-based marketing that capitalizes on owner concerns without a scientific basis.¹³

The proper diagnosis of a food allergy requires a veterinarian-supervised elimination diet trial, where a dog is fed a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet for 8-12 weeks to see if clinical signs resolve, followed by a re-challenge with the suspected allergen.²⁴

For the vast majority of dogs, grains are a safe and nutritious component of their diet.

Section 3: The Nutritionist’s Toolkit: A Framework for Critical Evaluation

Navigating the pet food market requires the ability to see beyond marketing claims and evaluate a product based on objective, scientific criteria.

The ingredient list alone is often misleading, and flashy packaging reveals little about the quality, safety, or nutritional adequacy of the food inside.²⁵

This section provides the tools used by veterinary professionals to assess a dog food, focusing on the manufacturer’s expertise and the nutritional information that truly matters.

Subsection 3.1: Decoding the Label: Beyond the Ingredient List

A pet food label is divided into two parts: the Principal Display Panel (PDP), which is the front of the bag, and the Information Panel on the back or sides.²⁶

While the PDP is designed to attract consumers, the Information Panel contains the most critical data.

Marketing Terms and Naming Conventions: The front of the bag is often covered in appealing but legally ambiguous terms.

Words like “holistic,” “primal,” or “premium” have no legal definition in the pet food industry and are purely marketing tools.¹⁷

“Natural” has a broad AAFCO definition but is not necessarily an indicator of superior quality.²⁷

Even the term “human-grade” is not a legally defined term in pet food regulations and can be misleading.¹³

However, the product’s name itself is regulated by AAFCO and provides clues about ingredient quantity ²⁸:

• “Chicken Dog Food”: The named ingredient (chicken) must make up at least 95% of the product by weight (excluding water), or 70% including water.
• “Chicken Dinner,” “Entrée,” or “Recipe”: The named ingredient must make up at least 25% of the product (excluding water).
• “With Chicken”: The named ingredient must make up only 3% of the product.
• “Chicken Flavor”: Requires only a detectable amount of the ingredient, often just enough to be listed on the label.

Guaranteed Analysis: This section lists the minimum percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and the maximum percentages of crude fiber and moisture.²⁶

It is important to understand that “crude” refers to the specific laboratory method used for analysis and says nothing about the quality or digestibility of the nutrients.²⁶

Furthermore, these are not exact values.

A food with a “minimum 26% protein” could contain 28%, 30%, or more.

Because of the vast difference in moisture content, the guaranteed analysis cannot be used to directly compare a dry food to a canned food without first converting both to a “dry matter basis”.²⁹

Ingredient List: Many owners are taught to focus on the ingredient list, particularly the first few items.

However, this can be highly misleading.

Ingredients are listed in descending order by their pre-processing weight.³⁰

This means an ingredient with high water content, like fresh “chicken” (which is about 70-80% water), will be listed higher than a more concentrated, dehydrated ingredient like “chicken meal,” even though the meal provides significantly more protein on a dry matter basis.³²

This “first ingredient” rule is often a marketing tactic that does not accurately reflect the final nutrient contribution of the ingredients.

Caloric Content: One of the most practical pieces of information is the calorie statement, expressed as “kilocalories per cup (kcal/cup)” or “kcal/kg”.²⁹

This is essential for calculating appropriate feeding amounts to maintain a healthy weight and prevent obesity, one of the most significant health issues facing companion dogs today.⁵

Subsection 3.2: The AAFCO Nutritional Adequacy Statement: The Most Important Part of the Bag

The single most important piece of information on any dog food label is the AAFCO Nutritional Adequacy Statement.³²

This statement is the consumer’s guarantee that the food is formulated to be a “complete and balanced” source of nutrition for a specific life stage.

“Complete” means the product contains all the nutrients required for that life stage, and “balanced” means those nutrients are present in the correct ratios to one another.³¹

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is an organization of regulatory officials that establishes model regulations and nutrient profiles for pet food, which are then adopted by most states.³¹

AAFCO itself does not regulate, test, approve, or certify any pet food; that is the responsibility of state and federal agencies.³⁶

The AAFCO statement will specify the life stage for which the food is intended:

• Growth: For puppies.
• Adult Maintenance: For adult dogs.
• Gestation/Lactation: For pregnant or nursing dogs.
• All Life Stages: Meets the more stringent nutritional needs for growth and reproduction, making it suitable for all stages.

Crucially, the statement also specifies how the manufacturer substantiated its “complete and balanced” claim.

There are two methods, and one is vastly superior to the other:

1. Formulation Method: The statement will read, “[Product Name] is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles for.” This means the manufacturer has used a recipe, either from a database or computer analysis, to create a food that should meet AAFCO standards. This is the minimum requirement and does not involve any testing on actual animals to ensure the nutrients are bioavailable and the diet performs as expected.²⁶
2. Feeding Trial Method: The statement will read, “Animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiate that [Product Name] provides complete and balanced nutrition for.” This is the gold standard of nutritional validation. It signifies that the manufacturer has conducted a rigorous, multi-month feeding trial (at least six months for adult maintenance) with a group of dogs, monitoring their health and bloodwork to prove that the diet safely and effectively provides all necessary nutrition in a digestible and usable form.³⁸ A food substantiated by feeding trials offers a much higher level of confidence in its nutritional quality and safety.

Subsection 3.3: The Gold Standard: Applying WSAVA Guidelines

While the AAFCO statement evaluates the final product, the guidelines from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Global Nutrition Committee provide a framework for evaluating the manufacturer behind the product.

This is arguably the most reliable way to assess quality, as a company’s investment in expertise, research, and quality control is the foundation upon which safe and effective diets are built.

It is critical to note that WSAVA does not approve, certify, or endorse any specific pet food brands.³⁶

The widespread belief that some brands are “WSAVA-approved” is a misconception.

Instead, WSAVA provides a list of insightful questions that conscientious owners should ask manufacturers to gauge their commitment to nutritional science and safety.

A reputable, high-quality manufacturer should be able to answer these questions transparently and with ease.

The disconnect between what many online communities value (e.g., an appealing ingredient list) and what veterinary nutritionists prioritize (e.g., scientific validation and safety protocols) is significant.

The WSAVA guidelines bridge this gap by focusing on the process and people behind the food.

A company that invests heavily in qualified experts, owns its manufacturing facilities to ensure strict quality control, and conducts and publishes peer-reviewed research demonstrates a fundamental commitment to animal health that far outweighs any marketing claim or trendy ingredient panel.

This shift in perspective—from judging the parts to evaluating the process—is the key to making a truly informed decision.

The following checklist transforms the WSAVA guidelines into a practical tool for any dog owner.

Table 1: The WSAVA Manufacturer Evaluation Checklist

Question to Ask Manufacturer

Expertise

1. Do you employ a full-time, qualified nutritionist? What are their credentials?

2. Who formulates your diets, and what are their qualifications?

Quality & Safety

3. Do you own the manufacturing plants where your food is produced?

4. What specific quality control measures do you use for ingredients and the final product?

Research & Substantiation

5. Do you conduct AAFCO feeding trials on your diets?

6. Do you conduct and publish research in peer-reviewed journals?

Transparency

7. Can you provide a complete nutrient analysis for a specific diet (not just the Guaranteed Analysis)?

8. What is the caloric value per cup or can of your food?

Section 4: In-Depth Analysis of Leading Grain-Inclusive Brands

Applying the rigorous evaluation framework from the previous section, it becomes clear that a handful of established companies consistently demonstrate the commitment to expertise, research, and quality control that veterinary nutritionists prioritize.

While the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) does not endorse any brands, a strong consensus exists within the veterinary community that five major brands generally meet the high standards set forth in the WSAVA guidelines: Purina, Hill’s Science Diet, Royal Canin, Eukanuba, and Iams.⁴¹

This section provides an in-depth analysis of these brands, examining their corporate credentials, a flagship grain-inclusive formula, and a synthesis of real-world owner feedback.

This analysis highlights a fundamental disconnect in the pet food world.

Brands highly regarded by veterinary nutritionists for their scientific rigor are often criticized by online communities and pet food rating websites.

This schism arises from differing evaluation criteria: veterinarians prioritize the scientific process—formulation expertise, feeding trials, safety protocols, and published research—while many online reviewers prioritize the surface-level appeal of the ingredient list, often guided by marketing myths about “fillers,” by-products, and grains.

This section will demonstrate why the veterinary approach provides a more reliable foundation for ensuring the long-term health and safety of a P.T.

4.1 Purina (Pro Plan)

• Corporate Profile & WSAVA Assessment: With a history spanning nearly a century, Nestlé Purina PetCare is one of the largest and most established pet food manufacturers in the world. The company makes a significant investment in nutritional research, employing a large team of over 500 scientists, including veterinarians and board-certified veterinary nutritionists.⁴¹ Purina owns and operates its own manufacturing facilities, primarily in North America, allowing for stringent quality control over sourcing and production.⁴⁶ Their sourcing protocols are extensive, involving supplier audits, ingredient testing, and traceability systems.⁴⁶ The company regularly conducts AAFCO feeding trials for many of its diets and publishes research in peer-reviewed journals, meeting the highest standards of the WSAVA guidelines.
• Formula Deep Dive: Purina Pro Plan Complete Essentials Shredded Blend Chicken & Rice

• Primary Ingredients: The first five ingredients are Chicken, rice, whole grain wheat, poultry by-product meal, and whole grain corn.⁵⁰ The presence of “chicken” as the first ingredient is appealing, while the inclusion of by-product meal provides a concentrated source of protein from nutrient-rich organs. As discussed, by-products are not “filler” but valuable nutritional components, and corn is a highly digestible source of energy and essential nutrients.¹⁴
• Guaranteed Analysis: This formula provides a minimum of 26.0% crude protein and 16.0% crude fat, with a maximum of 3.0% crude fiber and 12.0% moisture.⁵⁰
• Key Features: This popular formula is fortified with guaranteed live probiotics to support digestive and immune health, as well as Vitamin A and omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid) to nourish the skin and coat.⁵⁰ The dual-texture kibble (hard kibble mixed with tender, shredded pieces) is designed to enhance palatability.
• Owner Feedback Synthesis: Purina Pro Plan is one of the most frequently recommended brands by veterinarians, and this is reflected in a large volume of positive owner feedback.⁴⁵ Many owners report significant improvements in their dogs’ coat condition, energy levels, and digestive health, particularly with the “Sensitive Skin & Stomach” formulas.⁵² Dogs with chronic colitis, pancreatitis, and skin allergies have reportedly thrived on these diets.⁵² However, it is crucial to acknowledge a recent and significant surge in negative consumer reports. Numerous owners have complained about serious quality control issues, including finding bugs, larvae, and mold in sealed bags of food.⁵³ Others report that their dogs, after years of doing well on a formula, suddenly developed severe gastrointestinal upset or skin problems, suggesting potential unannounced formula changes.⁵³ While the brand’s scientific foundation is strong, these real-world experiences indicate potential lapses in manufacturing consistency or supply chain integrity that warrant consumer vigilance.

4.2 Hill’s Science Diet

• Corporate Profile & WSAVA Assessment: Hill’s Pet Nutrition was founded by a veterinarian and has its roots in the development of the first therapeutic veterinary diet. This scientific, evidence-based legacy continues today at their global Pet Nutrition Center in Topeka, Kansas, which is staffed by a large team of veterinarians and board-certified specialists in nutrition and internal medicine.⁵⁵ Hill’s emphasizes its stringent quality and safety standards, which are modeled after those used for human food manufacturing.⁵⁶ They own their manufacturing facilities, conduct annual quality audits, and implement rigorous testing on both incoming ingredients and finished products.⁵⁶ Hill’s diets are frequently substantiated through AAFCO feeding trials and backed by extensive clinical research, placing the company firmly in compliance with WSAVA guidelines.⁵⁹
• Formula Deep Dive: Hill’s Science Diet Adult Chicken & Barley Recipe

• Primary Ingredients: The first five ingredients are Chicken, Cracked Pearled Barley, Whole Grain Wheat, Whole Grain Sorghum, and Whole Grain Corn.³³ This formula utilizes a blend of whole grains to provide carbohydrates and fiber. The use of “chicken” as the first ingredient means it contributes significant moisture weight before processing.
• Guaranteed Analysis vs. Average Nutrient Content: The label’s Guaranteed Analysis lists a minimum of 20.5% crude protein and 12% crude fat.⁶⁰ However, the company’s more detailed
  Average Nutrient Content on a dry matter basis shows the typical values are higher, at 23.8% protein and 15% fat.⁵⁹ This illustrates why the guaranteed analysis should be viewed as a baseline rather than an exact representation.
• Key Features: The formula is marketed as providing “precisely balanced nutrition” to support lean muscle with high-quality protein and a healthy skin and coat with omega-6 fatty acids and Vitamin E.⁵⁹
• Owner Feedback Synthesis: Hill’s Science Diet is another brand heavily recommended by veterinarians. Positive owner reviews frequently highlight its effectiveness for dogs with sensitive stomachs, with many reporting an end to chronic diarrhea and vomiting after switching to a Hill’s formula.⁶¹ Owners also note improvements in energy levels and coat quality.⁶¹ On the other hand, a recurring theme in negative feedback is palatability, with some owners reporting their dogs simply refuse to eat the food.⁶³ Similar to Purina, there are also recent complaints about unannounced formula changes leading to sickness and quality control inconsistencies, particularly with canned food being overly watery or “soupy”.⁶¹

4.3 Royal Canin

• Corporate Profile & WSAVA Assessment: A subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated, Royal Canin is distinguished by its “nutrient-first” philosophy and its focus on creating highly specific diets tailored to a dog’s breed, size, and age. Their formulations are developed by a team of board-certified veterinary nutritionists and PhDs.⁶⁶ The company operates its own manufacturing plants globally and employs a rigorous quality control system that includes analyzing 100% of incoming raw materials, maintaining full traceability, and conducting approximately half a million analyses per year across its network of labs.⁶⁷ Royal Canin validates its diets through AAFCO feeding trials and extensive research conducted at its own pet centers, fully aligning with WSAVA’s recommendations.⁶⁶
• Formula Deep Dive: Royal Canin Medium Adult Dry Dog Food

• Primary Ingredients: The first five ingredients are Brewers rice, chicken by-product meal, oat groats, wheat, and corn protein meal.⁶⁹ This ingredient panel is often a point of contention for online critics. However, from a nutritional standpoint, brewers rice is an easily digestible carbohydrate source, and chicken by-product meal is a consistent, nutrient-dense concentrate of protein and minerals from organ meats.⁶⁸
• Guaranteed Analysis: This formula provides a minimum of 23.0% crude protein and 12.0% crude fat, with a maximum of 3.4% crude fiber and 10.5% moisture.⁶⁹
• Key Features: The diet is formulated to support a healthy immune system with an antioxidant complex and prebiotics, promote digestive health with highly digestible proteins and a balanced supply of fiber, and nourish the skin and coat with omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA and DHA.⁶⁹
• Owner Feedback Synthesis: Royal Canin’s reception among consumers is perhaps the most polarized. It is highly respected and recommended by veterinarians, and many owners report excellent results, particularly with the breed-specific formulas and veterinary therapeutic diets.⁷⁴ Owners of dogs with sensitive systems often praise the food for resolving long-standing issues.⁷⁴ Conversely, a vocal segment of the consumer base is highly critical of the brand’s premium price point relative to its ingredient list, specifically targeting the use of by-products, corn, and wheat.⁷⁶ This sharp divide perfectly encapsulates the conflict between the scientific, nutrient-focused approach of veterinary nutritionists and the ingredient-focused, marketing-influenced perspective prevalent in many online communities.

4.4 Eukanuba & 4.5 Iams

• Corporate Profile & WSAVA Assessment: Both Eukanuba and Iams are long-standing brands in the pet food industry, now owned by Mars, Incorporated (the same parent company as Royal Canin). They share a commitment to science-based nutrition and meet the core tenets of the WSAVA guidelines, including employing nutritional experts, conducting research, and performing AAFCO feeding trials to substantiate their diets. They are often recommended by veterinarians as reliable, high-quality options.
• Formula Deep Dive (Eukanuba Adult Large Breed & Iams ProActive Health Minichunks):

• Primary Ingredients: Both brands typically feature a named animal protein (e.g., chicken or lamb) as the first ingredient, followed by a blend of whole grains like corn, sorghum, and barley, as well as a concentrated protein source like chicken by-product meal.⁷⁹
• Guaranteed Analysis: The formulas generally provide above-average protein and near-average fat levels. For example, Eukanuba Adult Large Breed contains a minimum of 23% protein and 13% fat ⁷⁹, while Iams ProActive Health Minichunks contains a minimum of 25% protein and 14% fat.⁸¹
• Key Features: These brands often highlight specific functional benefits. Eukanuba focuses on joint support with added glucosamine and chondroitin, brain health with DHA and Vitamin E, and dental health with its “3D DentaDefense” kibble coating designed to reduce tartar.⁸² Iams emphasizes a blend of fiber and prebiotics for digestive health and antioxidants for a strong immune system.⁸⁵
• Owner Feedback Synthesis: Owner feedback for both Eukanuba and Iams is largely positive. Many long-term users report their dogs have lived long, healthy lives with excellent coats, energy levels, and muscle tone.⁸⁷ The foods are often praised for resolving digestive issues and being well-tolerated by sensitive dogs.⁸⁷ Negative feedback is less common but sometimes points to unannounced formula changes that have caused adverse reactions in their pets or critiques from online sources regarding the use of grains and by-products.⁸⁸

Table 2: Comparative Analysis of Flagship Grain-Inclusive Formulas

Metric

First 5 Ingredients

Guaranteed Analysis

Caloric Content

AAFCO Substantiation

Key Additives/Features

Sources

Section 5: Recommendations and Your Dog’s Optimal Diet

The preceding analysis provides the scientific foundation and critical tools needed to select a high-quality grain-inclusive dog food.

The final step is to synthesize this information into actionable recommendations, guiding the owner through the process of choosing a brand and a specific formula that best fits their individual dog’s needs.

The ultimate goal is not for the owner to become a nutrition expert overnight, but to become an expert collaborator with their veterinarian, equipped with the knowledge to make the best possible healthcare decisions for their P.T.

Subsection 5.1: Tiered Brand Recommendations: Prioritizing Science and Safety

Based on a rigorous application of the WSAVA guidelines, the leading grain-inclusive brands can be organized into tiers that reflect their level of investment in nutritional science, research, and quality control.

• Tier 1: The Gold Standard (Purina, Hill’s Science Diet, Royal Canin)
  These three companies represent the pinnacle of the pet food industry in terms of scientific rigor. They consistently meet and exceed all WSAVA criteria by employing full-time, board-certified veterinary nutritionists to formulate their diets; owning their own manufacturing facilities to maintain strict quality control; conducting extensive, peer-reviewed research that contributes to the broader field of veterinary science; and substantiating many of their core diets with the gold-standard AAFCO feeding trials.39 While no brand is immune to production issues or consumer complaints, their foundational commitment to science and safety makes them the most reliable starting point for any dog owner.
• Tier 2: Strong Contenders (Eukanuba, Iams)
  These brands also have a long history of producing science-backed nutrition and meet the essential WSAVA guidelines.43 They employ nutritional experts, conduct research, and utilize AAFCO feeding trials. While they may have a smaller volume of publicly available, peer-reviewed research compared to the Tier 1 brands, they remain highly reputable and are a solid choice for owners seeking a reliable, grain-inclusive diet.
• Tier 3: Brands to Evaluate with Caution
  This category includes many popular “boutique” or “premium” brands that may have appealing ingredient lists and marketing but have not historically met all of the WSAVA criteria. Some of these brands, such as Wellness and The Honest Kitchen, are making commendable strides by now conducting and publicizing AAFCO feeding trials for their formulas.39 This is a significant step toward greater scientific validation. However, owners considering these or other similar brands should still perform their due diligence using the WSAVA checklist. It is crucial to verify whether the company employs a full-time, board-certified veterinary nutritionist (not just a consultant) and whether they own and operate their own manufacturing plants. A brand that meets these additional criteria can be considered a strong option.

Subsection 5.2: Matching Food to Your Dog: A Personalized Approach

Selecting a brand is only the first step.

The optimal approach to canine nutrition is a “best-fit” model, where a specific formula is chosen from within a reputable brand’s product line to match the unique biological needs of the individual dog.⁶

The top-tier brands offer extensive product lines designed to cater to these different requirements.

Consider the following factors when selecting a formula:

• Life Stage: A growing puppy has vastly different caloric and nutrient requirements (e.g., for brain development and bone growth) than a sedentary senior dog (who may need fewer calories and added joint support).⁶ Always choose a food with an AAFCO statement that matches your dog’s current life stage (puppy/growth, adult/maintenance, or senior).
• Breed Size: Nutritional needs vary significantly between a Chihuahua and a Great Dane. Small breed formulas typically have higher caloric density to match their faster metabolisms and smaller kibble for their mouths. Large and giant breed puppy foods are carefully formulated with controlled levels of calcium and phosphorus to support steady, healthy bone growth and prevent developmental orthopedic diseases.⁶
• Health Needs and Lifestyle: Reputable brands offer specialized diets formulated to support specific health concerns.

• Sensitive Skin and Stomach: These formulas often use a more limited number of ingredients, easily digestible proteins (like salmon or lamb), and carbohydrates (like rice and oatmeal), and are fortified with omega fatty acids to support skin health (e.g., Purina Pro Plan Sensitive Skin & Stomach, Hill’s Science Diet Sensitive Stomach & Skin).²⁴
• Weight Management: For overweight or obesity-prone dogs, these diets are lower in calories and fat and higher in fiber to help the dog feel full while consuming fewer calories (e.g., Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight, Purina Pro Plan Weight Management).⁹¹
• Active & Performance Dogs: For highly active or working dogs, performance formulas provide higher levels of protein and fat to meet their increased energy demands (e.g., Eukanuba Premium Performance, Purina Pro Plan Sport).

Subsection 5.3: The Final Checklist and the Role of Your Veterinarian

Making the final choice can be simplified into a clear, step-by-step process.

This guide is designed to provide the scientific literacy needed for an owner to become an effective partner in their pet’s healthcare, enabling a more productive, evidence-based conversation with their veterinarian.

Final Selection Checklist:

1. Select a Manufacturer: Start with a brand from Tier 1 or Tier 2. If considering a Tier 3 brand, use the WSAVA checklist in Table 1 to rigorously vet the company’s credentials.
2. Select a Formula: Choose a specific product line within that brand that matches your dog’s age, breed size, and any specific health or lifestyle needs.
3. Verify the AAFCO Statement: Locate the nutritional adequacy statement on the back of the bag. Confirm it is “complete and balanced” for your dog’s life stage. Give preference to formulas substantiated by “animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures.”
4. Transition Slowly: When introducing any new food, mix it with the old food over a period of 7-10 days, gradually increasing the proportion of the new food to prevent digestive upset.¹⁶
5. Monitor Your Dog: Pay close attention to your dog’s response to the new diet. Positive signs include consistent, firm stools; good energy levels; and a healthy, shiny coat. Negative signs like persistent diarrhea, vomiting, excessive itching, or a dull coat warrant a discussion with your veterinarian.⁹⁴

Ultimately, the most important resource for any dog owner is their veterinarian.

They have a comprehensive understanding of your dog’s medical history, physical condition, and unique needs.

Use the knowledge gained from this report to ask informed questions and work collaboratively with your veterinarian to make the final, best-fit decision for your canine companion’s long-term health and well-being.¹

Works cited

1. Survey: 62% of puppy owners overwhelmed by pet food choices, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petfoodprocessing.net/articles/18783-survey-62-of-puppy-owners-overwhelmed-by-pet-food-choices
2. New Survey Finds 62% of Puppy Owners Feel Overwhelmed by Endless Number of Pet Food Choices – Royal Canin, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/about-us/news/puppy-pet-food-choice-survey
3. Survey finds puppy owners are overwhelmed by all the available pet food options – DVM360, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dvm360.com/view/survey-finds-puppy-owners-are-overwhelmed-by-all-the-available-pet-food-options
4. Determinants of pet food purchasing decisions – PMC, accessed August 16, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6515811/
5. Frequently Asked Questions & Myths – WSAVA, accessed August 16, 2025, https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Frequently-Asked-Questions-and-Myths.pdf
6. Dog Nutrition: Choosing The Right Dog Food – Belton Veterinary Clinic, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.beltonvetclinic.com/services/dogs/dog-nutrition
7. Choosing The Right Dog Food | Vet In St. Petersburg, FL – Haines Road Animal Hospital, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.hainesroadanimalhospital.com/blog/choosing-the-right-food-for-your-dog/
8. Grain-Free Diets in Pets: Where are we at with the evidence?, accessed August 16, 2025, https://improveinternational.com/uk/grain-free-diets-and-pet-health/
9. Grain-Free Diets for Dogs and Cats: An Updated Review Focusing on Nutritional Effects and Health Considerations – MDPI, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2020
10. Until more science is available, FDA will end public updates on potential link between certain diets and canine dilated cardiomyopathy | American Veterinary Medical Association, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.avma.org/news/until-more-science-available-fda-will-end-public-updates-potential-link-between-certain-diets
11. FDA Investigation into Potential Link between Certain Diets and Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/outbreaks-and-advisories/fda-investigation-potential-link-between-certain-diets-and-canine-dilated-cardiomyopathy
12. Effects of a 28-day feeding trial of grain-containing versus pulse-based diets on cardiac function, taurine levels and digestibility in domestic dogs – PMC – PubMed Central, accessed August 16, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10212094/
13. Pet food marketing – Feeding Raven Doodles, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.feedingravendoodles.com/articles/pet-food-marketing
14. Food Fallacies: Debunking Pet Nutrition Myths – Liberty Veterinary Hospital, accessed August 16, 2025, https://libertyvet.net/food-fallacies-debunking-pet-nutrition-myths/
15. Nutritional Benefits of Corn and Grains for Dogs and Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals, accessed August 16, 2025, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/nutritional-benefits-of-corn-and-grains-for-dogs-and-cats
16. Understanding Dog Food Labels: Decoding Ingredients and Nutritional Claims -, accessed August 16, 2025, https://petfoodpassion.co.uk/2025/02/12/understanding-dog-food-labels-decoding-ingredients-and-nutritional-claims/
17. Myths and Misconceptions Surrounding Pet Foods – Veterinary Medical Center, accessed August 16, 2025, https://vmc.vet.osu.edu/resouces/myths-and-misconceptions-surrounding-pet-foods
18. The nutritional value of grains in cat and dog food | Royal Canin US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/about-us/our-nutritional-approach/the-nutritional-value-of-grains-in-cat-and-dog-food
19. Cereals and grains found in dog food – a health benefit or risk? – Vet Times, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/small-animal-vets/cereals-and-grains-found-in-dog-food-a-health-benefit-or-risk
20. The Impact of the Inclusion of Grains in a Canine Diet on the Animal’s Overall Health – UNL Digital Commons, accessed August 16, 2025, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1519&context=honorstheses
21. Is Grain Bad for Dogs? Read a Study by Nature | Purina US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purina.com/articles/dog/health/nutrition/is-grain-good-for-dogs
22. Debunking 5 Common Dog Nutrition Myths to Keep Your Canine as Healthy as Possible, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.ingleside.com/services/dogs/blog/debunking-5-common-dog-nutrition-myths-keep-your-canine-healthy-possible
23. Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets – PMC, accessed August 16, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8174469/
24. 10 Best Dog Foods for Dogs With Allergies in 2025, Vet Recommended – PetMD, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petmd.com/dog/vet-verified/best-dog-food-for-dogs-with-allergies
25. You are what you eat! Common pet food myths debunked – VCA Animal Hospitals, accessed August 16, 2025, https://vcahospitals.com/shop/home/articles/you-are-what-you-eat-common-pet-food-myths-debunked
26. Pet Food Label Requirements: A Guide for Manufacturers, accessed August 16, 2025, https://foodlabelmaker.com/blog/labeling-regulations/pet-food-label/
27. Understanding Pet Food Labels: A Guide to Informed Choices for Your Pet’s Health, accessed August 16, 2025, https://mvethospital.com/understanding-pet-food-labels-a-guide-to-informed-choices-for-your-pets-health/
28. Understanding Pet Food Labels – AAFCO – Purina Institute, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purinainstitute.com/centresquare/understanding-pet-food/understanding-pet-food-labels-aafco
29. Dog and Cat Foods – Management and Nutrition – Merck Veterinary Manual, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-small-animals/dog-and-cat-foods
30. Animal Food Labeling and Pet Food Claims – FDA, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-foods-feeds/animal-food-labeling-and-pet-food-claims
31. Reading Labels | AAFCO, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.aafco.org/consumers/understanding-pet-food/reading-labels/
32. Evaluating the Quality of Pet Food – VetSpecialists.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.vetspecialists.com/vet-blog-landing/animal-health-articles/2022/12/20/evaluating-the-quality-of-pet-food
33. HOW DOES YOUR DOG FOOD RATE: SCIENCE DIET – Happy Tails Lodge, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.happytailslodge.com/how-does-your-dog-food-rate-science-diet
34. Myth-Busting False Claims about Pet Food, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petfoodinstitute.org/myth-busting-false-claims-pet-food/
35. Selecting the Right Pet Food – AAFCO, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.aafco.org/consumers/understanding-pet-food/selecting-the-right-pet-food/
36. All You Need to Know About WSAVA – Dog Food Advisor, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/choosing-dog-food/all-you-need-to-know-about-wsava/
37. Labeling & Labeling Requirements – AAFCO, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.aafco.org/resources/startups/labeling-labeling-requirements/
38. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee: Recommendations on Selecting Pet Foods – Animal Medical Center at Fort Sheridan, accessed August 16, 2025, https://amcfortsheridan.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMC-Ft-Sheridan-Recommendations-on-Selecting-Pet-Foods.pdf
39. Scientifically Proven | Wellness Pet Food, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.wellnesspetfood.com/scientifically-proven/
40. Choosing a Dog Food: AAFCO Feeding Trials – BSM Partners, accessed August 16, 2025, https://bsmpartners.net/insights/choosing-a-dog-food-aafco-feeding-trials/
41. Veterinary Insights on WSAVA Approved Dog Food: Myth or Reality?, accessed August 16, 2025, https://thefabfunfrenchie.com/wsava-approved-dog-food/
42. Is there a list of WSAVA foods? : r/DogFood – Reddit, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/DogFood/comments/1jp22k4/is_there_a_list_of_wsava_foods/
43. Diet & Nutrition | Highlands-Eldorado Veterinary Hospital, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.hevh.net/mckinney-tx/diet-nutrition/
44. is Purina Pro plan dog food good? – Reddit, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/dogs/comments/t4kbhn/is_purina_pro_plan_dog_food_good/
45. Responsible sourced ingredients | Purina, accessed August 16, 2025, https://purina.com.tt/purina/responsible-sourced-ingredients
46. Experience Responsible Sourcing Practices | Purina® CA, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purina.ca/nutrition/sourcing
47. Beyond Pet Food Ingredients Source Map – Purina, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purina.com/beyond/ingredients/source-map
48. Pet Food Ingredients Sourced Responsibly – Purina, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purina.eu/your-questions-matter/ingredients/reponsible-sourcing
49. Complete Essentials Shredded Blend Chicken & Rice Dry Dog Food – Pro Plan Vet Direct, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.proplanvetdirect.com/canine-pro-plan-savor-shredded-blend-chicken-rice-formula-adult
50. Pro Plan Complete Essentials Chicken Probiotic Dog Food | Purina US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.purina.com/dogs/shop/pro-plan-complete-essentials-shredded-blend-chicken-rice-probiotics-dry-dog-food
51. Purina Pro Plan Dog Food Review – TikTok, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.tiktok.com/@houseofpawsboutique/video/7420090800480161029
52. Customer reviews for Purina Pro Plan Dry Dog Food for Adult Dogs, High Protein, Sensitive Stomach, Salmon & Rice, 41 lb Bag | Walmart.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.walmart.com/reviews/product/944964141
53. Purina Pet Foods Reviews 2025: Cost, Pros & Cons – Consumer Affairs, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/pets/ralston.html
54. Hill’s Dog Food Review, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/dog-food-reviews/hills/
55. Hill’s Pet Food Quality & Manufacturing Safety, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.hillspet.com/about-us/quality-and-safety
56. Top 10 Standards for Quality and Safety – Hill’s Vet, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.hillsvet.com/content/dam/cp-sites/hills/hills-vet/global/general/pdfs/top_10_quality_safety_standards-secured.pdf
57. Factory Tour at Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Our Best Dog and Cat Food Starts Here – YouTube, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz2Yect7H4A
58. Adult Chicken & Barley Recipe Dog Food | Hill’s Science Diet, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.hillspet.com/dog-food/sd-canine-adult-dry
59. Hill’s Science Diet Adult Chicken & Barley Recipe Dry Dog Food – Pet Supermarket, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petsupermarket.com/dog/food/dry-food/hills-science-diet-adult-chicken-barley-recipe-dry-dog-food/FCM00564.html
60. Customer reviews for Hill’s Science Diet Sensitive Stomach & Skin Chicken Dry Dog Food, 30lb Bag | Walmart.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.walmart.com/reviews/product/54062504
61. Hill’s® Science Diet® Sensitive Stomach & Skin Adult Dry Dog Food – Chicken & Barley, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petsmart.com/dog/food/dry-food/hills-science-diet-sensitive-stomach-and-skin-adult-dry-dog-food—chicken-and-barley-570.html
62. Science Diet Reviews: Hands On Experiences – Consumer Affairs, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/pets/science_diet.html
63. Hills Pet Foods Reviews from Real Customers – Consumer Affairs, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/pets/hills.html
64. Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. | BBB Complaints | Better Business Bureau, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.bbb.org/us/ks/overland-park/profile/wholesale-pet-foods/hills-pet-nutrition-inc-0714-17236/complaints
65. Pet food safety: Questions to ask a manufacturer | Royal Canin US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/about-us/our-nutritional-approach/pet-food-safety-questions-to-ask-your-manufacturer
66. Quality & Food Safety | Royal Canin US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/about-us/quality-and-food-safety
67. Frequently Asked Questions | Royal Canin US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/about-us/faqs
68. Medium Adult Dry | Royal Canin US, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/us/dogs/products/retail-products/medium-adult-3004
69. Royal Canin Size Health Nutrition Medium Adult Dry Dog Food, 4 lbs. | Petco, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petco.com/shop/en/petcostore/product/royal-canin-size-health-nutrition-medium-adult-dry-dog-food-4-lbs-4333540
70. ROYAL CANIN Size Health Nutrition Medium Adult Dry Dog Food, 30-lb bag – Chewy.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.chewy.com/royal-canin-size-health-nutrition/dp/29855
71. Royal Canin Breed Health Nutrition Puppy Dog Food Review (Dry), accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/dog-food-reviews/royal-canin-breed-health-nutrition-puppy/
72. PRO Medium Adult Dry Dog Food | Royal Canin CA, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.royalcanin.com/ca/dogs/products/pro-dog-range-products/pro-medium-adult-dry-dog-food
73. Royal Canin Pet Foods Reviews from Real Customers – Consumer Affairs, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/pets/royal_canin.html
74. Royal Canin — scammy & mediocre???? : r/DogFood – Reddit, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/DogFood/comments/11at5mp/royal_canin_scammy_mediocre/
75. Royal Canin Dog Food Review – Dogs Naturally, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/royal-canin-dog-food-review/
76. Royal Canin Dog Food Review, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/dog-food-reviews/royal-canin-breed-specific-adult/
77. Is Royal Canin dog food worth the cost, or are there more affordable options that are just as good? – Quora, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.quora.com/Is-Royal-Canin-dog-food-worth-the-cost-or-are-there-more-affordable-options-that-are-just-as-good
78. Eukanuba Dog Food Review (Dry), accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/dog-food-reviews/eukanuba-dry/
79. Iams Proactive Health Dog Food Review (Dry), accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/dog-food-reviews/iams-proactive-health-adult/
80. IAMS Proactive Health Minichunks Adult Beef & Rice Recipe Dry Dog Food, 7-lb bag, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.chewy.com/iams-proactive-health-beef-rice/dp/1505670
81. Adult Large Breed Dog Food Dry – Eukanuba, accessed August 16, 2025, https://us.eukanuba.com/products/adult-dog-food/adult-large-breed-dog-food-dry
82. Eukanuba™ Adult Medium Breed Dry Dog Food, 16 lb, accessed August 16, 2025, https://us.eukanuba.com/products/adult-dog-food/eukanuba-adult-dry-dog-food-medium-dogs
83. Eukanuba™ Adult – Lamb 1st Ingredient Dry Dog Food, accessed August 16, 2025, https://us.eukanuba.com/products/adult-dog-food/adult-lamb-1st-ingredient-dry-dog-food
84. IAMS™ HEALTHY AGING, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.iams.com/products/dry/iams-healthy-aging?bvstate=pg:2/ct:r
85. IAMS™ MINICHUNKS CHICKEN & WHOLE GRAINS, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.iams.com/products/dry/iams-minichunks-chicken-whole-grains
86. Customer reviews for Eukanuba Adult Large Breed Dry Dog Food, 33 Lb | Walmart.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.walmart.com/reviews/product/48663740
87. Eukanuba Dog Food Reviews: Written By Customers – Consumer Affairs, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/pets/eukanuba-dog-food.html
88. Customer reviews for Eukanuba Chicken Adult Dry Dog Food, 30 lb | Walmart.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.walmart.com/reviews/product/50143177
89. Is eukanuba the best? – Positively | Victoria Stilwell, accessed August 16, 2025, https://forum.positively.com/viewtopic.php?t=7102
90. 8 Best Dry Dog Foods in 2025, Recommended by Vets – PetMD, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.petmd.com/dog/vet-verified/best-dry-dog-food
91. The Honest Kitchen has Completed In-Home AAFCO Feeding Trials, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.thehonestkitchen.com/blogs/thk-updates/the-honest-kitchen-has-completed-in-home-aafco-feeding-trials
92. The Honest Kitchen Completes In-Home AAFCO Feeding Trials to Substantiate the Nutritional Benefits of its Human-Grade Food for Dog, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.thehonestkitchen.com/a/press-kit/press-release/wnbxmhjr/the-honest-kitchen-completes-in-home-aafco-feeding-trials-to-substantiate-the-nutritional-benefits-of-its-human-grade-food-for-dog
93. What Kind Of Food Should You Feed Your Dog? A Nutritionist’s Advice – Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, accessed August 16, 2025, https://vetmed.tamu.edu/news/pet-talk/what-kind-of-food-should-you-feed-your-dog/
94. Customer reviews for Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Dog Food Dry Formula Chicken and Rice Formula, 6 lb Bag | Walmart.com, accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.walmart.com/reviews/product/516811192
95. Ultrak9 Pro Reviews (2025) The Truth No One Tells You (THVH5BUO), accessed August 16, 2025, https://web.honors.uh.edu/machform/data/form_41978/files/element_11_183ef1b1eacdd748d519afc338186c21-UltraK9Prosingle_qUuq.pdf.tmp